Concept of temperature and heat in physics
Temperature and heat are not the same phenomenon. When we trouch a piece of ice we feel that it is cold. A glass with freshly prepared coffee is hot. This we know without studying physics. We can distinguish between a glass of just prepared coffee and one that has stood on the table for 20 minutes. The temperature of these glasses is different. In other words,
temperature is the measure of intensity of hotness accumulated ina body.
This is not a definition of temperature, but rather a description of what temperature is. More precisely, the temperature of a body is a macroscopic measure of the average speed of the body’s atoms and molecules.
Heat is a measure of the quantity of heat energy present in a body.
If we have two containers with hot water, one of volume 1.0 milliliter (milliliter = 10-3) and the other of volume 1.0 liter, there is 1000 times more thermal energy or heat in this second one.
The amount of heat energy “stored” in a body depends on its mass, temperature, and on some internal property, which is called specific heat. So, 1.0 kg of iron has much less heat energy than 1.0 kg of water when they both have the same temperature. This statement can be easily checked experimentally, with very simple “equipment”. Take a vessel of about 2.0 liter volume. Pure into it 1.0 liter of water and immerse in it a 1.0 kg iron weight with a wire mounted to it, so it can be taken out of hot water without any harm. Heat the water and the weight in it to the boiling temperature of water. Next, stop heating, remove the weight from the water and leave them both (the water and the weight) on the table for about 20 minutes. After that time you can check their approximate temperature by simply touching them. The iron weight will be much colder then the water. The iron “lost” its heat energy much faster. Of course, you can perform an experiment of this type with high precision, if you use a thermometer to measure the temperature and a stopwatch to measure the time. Experiments of this type will be described in problems at the end of this paragraph.
Summarizing;
heat is a specific type of energy stored in any object,
temperature is an indicator how hot or cold an object is.